Snappy Tycoon (AUS) Horse

Country

Australia

Foal Date

11-Sep-19
Sex
gelding

Colour

bay

Sire

Written Tycoon

Dam

Madotti

Prize Money

151420

Owners

Mrs D Chapman, S Chapman, T Chapman, C Chapman, R A Shaw & Mrs P M Shaw

About

Snappy Tycoon is a 6yo bay gelding from Australia trained by Danielle Chapman. He is by Written Tycoon out of Madotti and has secured five career wins. On 4 Mar 2025 at Ararat he earned his biggest triumph, winning the $27000.00 3yo+ Benchmark 58 Handicap.

Race Record

Event SummaryRunner StatsRank
Ararat 08-Feb-26 1100m GOOD 4 R7 0-56 $12,100 (of $22,000) Barrier 13, Winning Time: 01:04.180, SP: 2.30 In-running: 800m 3rd, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:34.960 1st Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 60 ) 2nd Raging Monkey ( N Punch 55 ) 3.00L 3rd Spinhof ( R J Hurdle 56.5 ) 3.40L See full resultsJ Maskiell 601 (13)
Werribee 12-Jan-26 1014m GOOD 4 R5 BM56 $660 (of $22,000) Barrier 7, Winning Time: 00:59.530, SP: 5.50 In-running: 800m 5th, 400m 4th Sectionals: 600m 00:35.210 1st Frose ( Z E Waller 60.5 , Cd 57.5 ) 2nd White Bear ( T M Nugent 62 ) 0.10L 3rd Infinite Matrix ( H T Coffey 61 ) 1.85L 5th Snappy Tycoon ( W Gordon 60.5 ) 3.85L See full resultsW Gordon 60.5kg 3.85L5 (7)
Kerang 27-Dec-25 1100m GOOD 4 R7 BM62 $1,215 (of $27,000) Barrier 3, Winning Time: 01:03.140, SP: 4.20 In-running: 800m 2nd, 400m 2nd Sectionals: 600m 00:33.820 1st Surprisatic ( C Puls 58.5 ) 2nd The Wayfarer ( S Field 57 , Cd 55.5 ) 2.00L 3rd Elena Montero ( L King 59 ) 2.15L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 57.5 ) 2.65L See full resultsN Farley 57.5kg 2.65L4 (8)
Kyneton 11-Dec-25 1203m GOOD 4 R9 BM56 $700 (of $35,000) Barrier 11, Winning Time: 01:11.210, SP: 26.00 In-running: 800m 3rd, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:36.200 1st Bons To Riches ( J G Radley 62 ) 2nd Divine Justice ( O I East 60 , Cd 57 ) 1.25L 3rd Swift Power ( L N Mcneil 61 ) 1.71L 8th Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 61 ) 4.56L See full resultsJ Maskiell 61kg 4.56L8 (14)
Tatura 22-Nov-25 1000m GOOD 4 R8 BM56 $660 (of $22,000) Barrier 2, Winning Time: 00:57.830, SP: 6.00 In-running: 800m 7th, 400m 8th Sectionals: 600m 00:33.840 1st Marty Mcfly ( L Riordan 61 ) 2nd Scream ( J Noonan 60.5 ) 0.50L 3rd Epic Centre ( H Spitse 65 , Cd 61 ) 2.75L 5th Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 61 ) 2.97L See full resultsJ Maskiell 61kg 2.97L5 (12)
Geelong 08-Nov-25 1135m HEAVY 8 R6 0-62 $990 (of $22,000) Barrier 2, Winning Time: 01:09.050, SP: 11.00 In-running: Settled 8th, 800m 8th, 400m 8th Sectionals: 600m 00:36.940 1st Kagemusha ( L Meech 58.5 ) 2nd Johnny Me Boy ( R Tremsal 57.5 ) 2.25L 3rd Geegee Jet By ( R Mcleod 59.5 ) 6.00L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( W Gordon 59 ) 8.25L See full resultsW Gordon 59kg 8.25L4 (8)
Bendigo 29-Oct-25 1100m GOOD 4 R5 BM66 (of $50,000) Barrier 4, Winning Time: 01:03.030, SP: 61.00 In-running: Settled 8th, 800m 8th, 400m 7th Sectionals: 600m 00:34.490 1st Sea Poem ( N C Rawiller 59 ) 2nd Lake Forest ( J Mott 59.5 ) 1.25L 3rd Steel Move ( J Allen 58.5 ) 2.00L 11th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 58 ) 9.27L See full resultsN Farley 58kg 9.27L11 (12)
bet365 Seymour 14-Oct-25 800m R6 Jump Out-G4, Winning Time: 00:49.300 1st Saxon Spot ( M J Dee ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley ) 3rd Platinum Executive ( T K Spillane )N Farley2 (6)
Kyneton 08-May-25 1103m GOOD 4 R7 2YO+ BM 58 Hcp $675 (of $27,000) Barrier 9, Winning Time: 01:05.420, SP: 3.40 In-running: Settled 4th, 800m 4th, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:35.960 1st World's My Oyster ( D Bates 60.5 ) 2nd Skellig Rock ( K Jennings 59.5 ) 0.50L 3rd Sibel ( J Keating 58 ) 3.25L 9th Snappy Tycoon ( S Field 63 , Cd 61 ) 9.31L See full resultsS Field 63kg, Cd 61kg 9.31L9 (10)
Kerang 19-Apr-25 1100m GOOD 4 R4 3YO+ BM 64 Hcp $1,600 (of $20,000) Barrier 4, Winning Time: 01:03.960, SP: 2.50 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:34.220 1st Lescot ( S Field 59.5 , Cd 57.5 ) 2nd Melidesh ( L King 59 ) 0.75L 3rd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 60 ) 0.90L See full resultsN Farley 60 0.90L3 (8)
Kyneton 10-Apr-25 1103m GOOD 4 R6 3YO+ BM 64 Hcp $675 (of $27,000) Barrier 8, Winning Time: 01:03.890, SP: 3.80 In-running: Settled 3rd, 800m 3rd, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:34.660 1st Madame Maserati ( Z Spain 56 ) 2nd Du Clisson ( L Meech 56.5 ) 0.35L 3rd Almighty Will ( C Macredmond 58.5 ) 1.10L 7th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 60.5 ) 3.72L See full resultsN Farley 60.5kg 3.72L7 (8)
Bendigo 18-Mar-25 1100m GOOD 3 R8 BM 64 Hcp $675 (of $27,000) Barrier 8, Winning Time: 01:02.890, SP: 5.50 In-running: Settled 2nd, 800m 2nd, 400m 2nd Sectionals: 600m 00:33.900 1st Soft Love ( H T Coffey 57 ) 2nd Jugiong ( W Gordon 59 ) 0.30L 3rd Guerite ( F W Kersley 57 ) 1.30L 6th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 60.5 ) 3.55L See full resultsN Farley 60.5kg 3.55L6 (9)
Ararat 04-Mar-25 1100m GOOD 3 R8 3YO+ BM 58 Hcp $14,850 (of $27,000) Barrier 5, Winning Time: 01:03.480, SP: 2.70 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:34.500 1st Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 61.5 ) 2nd Zetalyn ( J B Stanley 58 ) 1.25L 3rd Sontay ( D Yendall 59 ) 1.45L See full resultsN Farley 61.5kg1 (10)
Kilmore 21-Feb-25 1100m GOOD 3 R8 BM 58 Hcp $4,590 (of $27,000) Barrier 9, Winning Time: 01:03.350, SP: 5.00 In-running: Settled 5th, 800m 5th, 400m 5th Sectionals: 600m 00:34.500 1st Gracie's Rain ( E K Pozman 62.5 , Cd 60.5 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 61.5 ) 1.50L 3rd Innocent Enuff ( A Mccabe 59.5 ) 2.25L See full resultsN Farley 61.5kg 1.50L2 (9)
Bendigo 09-Feb-25 1100m GOOD 3 R5 3YO+ BM 64 Hcp $6,300 (of $35,000) Barrier 2, Winning Time: 01:02.260, SP: 7.00 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:33.200 1st Scillato ( C J Parish 57 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 58.5 ) 2.50L 3rd Longtimedreaming ( J E Weatherley 60 , Cd 58 ) 3.75L See full resultsN Farley 58.5kg 2.50L2 (9)
Moe 26-Jan-25 1200m GOOD 4 R7 3YO+ BM 58 Hcp $1,160 (of $58,000) Barrier 4, Winning Time: 01:12.740, SP: 5.50 In-running: Settled 3rd, 800m 3rd, 400m 5th Sectionals: 600m 00:37.460 1st Lucky Duck ( L Riordan 58 ) 2nd Lavender Glory ( L J Bates 58.5 , Cd 57 ) 0.30L 3rd Catalina Black Cat ( R Mcleod 60.5 ) 2.55L 7th Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 62 ) 5.97L See full resultsJ Maskiell 62kg 5.97L7 (11)
Pakenham 10-Jan-25 1000m GOOD 4 R1 Restricted 62 Hcp $7,200 (of $40,000) Barrier 6, Winning Time: 00:56.860, SP: 6.00 In-running: Settled 5th, 800m 5th, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:33.320 1st Majesticity ( Z Spain 58 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 60 ) 2.75L 3rd Boom Boom Ray ( J Mott 60 ) 2.85L See full resultsJ Maskiell 60 2.75L2 (6)
Kerang 28-Dec-24 1100m GOOD 3 R7 Restricted 64 Hcp $14,850 (of $27,000) Barrier 1, Winning Time: 01:03.880, SP: 3.30 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:34.340 1st Snappy Tycoon ( T Childs 57 ) 2nd Altruist ( M Bunjevac 59 ) 0.46L 3rd Thinking Of Gerty ( N Punch 58 ) 1.46L See full resultsT Childs 57kg1 (8)
Kyneton 12-Dec-24 1103m GOOD 3 R6 CH&G BM 58 Hcp $4,590 (of $27,000) Barrier 5, Winning Time: 01:03.730, SP: 2.30 In-running: Settled 5th, 800m 5th, 400m 5th Sectionals: 600m 00:34.320 1st Star Diesel ( R Mcleod 62 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 60 ) 0.40L 3rd Airclash ( J Fry 60.5 ) 2.65L See full resultsJ Maskiell 60 0.40L2 (8)
Ararat 26-Nov-24 1100m GOOD 4 R8 3YO+ BM 58 Hcp $4,590 (of $27,000) Barrier 3, Winning Time: 01:04.560, SP: 2.05 In-running: Settled 4th, 800m 4th, 400m 4th Sectionals: 600m 00:35.320 1st Somaurum ( L Grace 57 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 60 ) 0.10L 3rd Viperion ( N Farley 56.5 ) 0.35L See full resultsJ Maskiell 60 0.10L2 (12)
Kyneton 18-Nov-24 1212m GOOD 3 R7 Restricted 62 Hcp $4,590 (of $27,000) Barrier 9, Winning Time: 01:10.600, SP: 8.00 In-running: Settled 4th, 800m 4th, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:35.200 1st Takeko ( J Childs 58 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 58 ) 0.46L 3rd Colleano ( B Mertens 59.5 ) 0.92L See full resultsJ Maskiell 58kg 0.46L2 (9)
Kyneton 06-Nov-24 1203m GOOD 4 R6 BM 64 Hcp $700 (of $35,000) Barrier 13, Winning Time: 01:10.510, SP: 21.00 In-running: Settled 10th, 800m 10th, 400m 5th Sectionals: 600m 00:35.180 1st Illative ( L Currie 58.5 ) 2nd Codigo ( E K Pozman 61.5 , Cd 59.5 ) 3.25L 3rd Dubenenko ( D W Stackhouse 60.5 ) 3.75L 8th Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 58 ) 5.35L See full resultsJ Maskiell 58kg 5.35L8 (13)
Benalla 28-Oct-24 1106m GOOD 3 R8 Restricted 62 Hcp $1,215 (of $27,000) Barrier 9, Winning Time: 01:03.610, SP: 31.00 In-running: Settled 7th, 800m 7th, 400m 7th Sectionals: 600m 00:34.680 1st Sea Mist ( S K Kennedy 57.5 , Cd 53.5 ) 2nd Abdication ( W J Egan 59.5 ) 0.10L 3rd Mr Assertive ( F W Kersley 59.5 ) 0.85L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( J Duffy 59 ) 1.85L See full resultsJ Duffy 59kg 1.85L4 (10)
Ballarat 17-Oct-24 1000m GOOD 4 R5 BM 64 Hcp $700 (of $35,000) Barrier 8, Winning Time: 01:00.030, SP: 17.00 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:34.910 1st Nation State ( B Mertens 60 ) 2nd Scream ( J Allen 59.5 ) 0.10L 3rd Cover Star ( E J Walsh 59 ) 0.50L 9th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 58.5 ) 9.36L See full resultsN Farley 58.5kg 9.36L9 (9)
Kyneton 09-May-24 1103m SOFT 5 R8 BM 58 Hcp $1,215 (of $27,000) Barrier 11, Winning Time: 01:06.190, SP: 4.00 In-running: Settled 4th, 800m 4th, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:36.290 1st Turnaquid ( A Warren 54.5 , Cd 52.5 ) 2nd Savee ( J Childs 58.5 ) 0.50L 3rd Brooklyn Baby ( J Keating 60.5 ) 0.65L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 61.5 ) 1.11L See full resultsN Farley 61.5kg 1.11L4 (11)
Kyneton 11-Apr-24 1103m SOFT 5 R7 3YO+ BM 64 Hcp $1,215 (of $27,000) Barrier 2, Winning Time: 01:04.670, SP: 2.50 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:35.720 1st Villianaire ( R L Hammond 54 , Cd 52 ) 2nd John Joseph ( J E Weatherley 61.5 , Cd 58.5 ) 1.25L 3rd Brazen Brando ( A K Kelly 56.5 ) 1.65L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 59 ) 2.90L See full resultsN Farley 59kg 2.90L4 (7)
Sandown Lakeside 01-Apr-24 1200m GOOD 4 R5 3YO+ BM 64 Hcp $3,000 (of $60,000) Barrier 2, Winning Time: 01:10.540, SP: 17.00 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:33.430 1st Pivot City ( B Shinn 61 ) 2nd Scorch ( J Mcneil 60 ) 2.25L 3rd Tacito ( M Zahra 60 ) 2.75L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 59 ) 3.00L See full resultsN Farley 59kg 3.00L4 (6)
Kyneton 19-Mar-24 1203m GOOD 3 R6 BM 58 Hcp $4,590 (of $27,000) Barrier 11, Winning Time: 01:09.690, SP: 8.50 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:35.380 1st Stylish Enuff ( T Childs 62 , Cd 60.5 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 62 ) 1.25L 3rd Conclave Prince ( R L Hammond 63.5 , Cd 61.5 ) 2.00L See full resultsN Farley 62kg 1.25L2 (12)
Kyneton 07-Mar-24 1125m SOFT 5 R8 3YO+ CH&G BM 58 Hcp $810 (of $27,000) Barrier 9, Winning Time: 01:06.140, SP: 6.00 In-running: Settled 2nd, 800m 2nd, 400m 2nd Sectionals: 600m 00:35.750 1st Dual Pressure ( J Bowditch 61.5 ) 2nd Octrain ( B Higgins 62 ) 0.20L 3rd Tararua ( J Fry 60 ) 0.60L 5th Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 62 ) 1.20L See full resultsN Farley 62kg 1.20L5 (10)
Ballarat 25-Feb-24 1100m GOOD 3 R6 3YO+ BM 58 Hcp $6,300 (of $35,000) Barrier 11, Winning Time: 01:04.600, SP: 9.50 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:34.300 1st Iliad ( Z Spain 57.5 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 62 ) 0.30L 3rd Whistlefield ( J E Weatherley 59 , Cd 56 ) 0.70L See full resultsN Farley 62kg 0.30L2 (11)
Kyneton 03-Feb-24 1203m GOOD 4 R8 3YO+ Restricted 58 Hcp $14,850 (of $27,000) Barrier 6, Winning Time: 01:11.680, SP: 2.15 In-running: Settled 2nd, 800m 2nd, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:35.220 1st Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 60 ) 2nd City Escape ( J D Hill 60 ) 0.50L 3rd Rupicasso ( L K Cartwright 54 , Cd 51 ) 4.50L See full resultsN Farley 601 (13)
Camperdown 20-Jan-24 1000m GOOD 4 R7 3YO+ Restricted 58 Hcp $4,590 (of $27,000) Barrier 8, Winning Time: 00:57.290, SP: 6.00 In-running: Settled 3rd, 800m 3rd, 400m 3rd Sectionals: 600m 00:33.600 1st Factually ( P Gatt 57 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 60 ) 0.10L 3rd Jumping Power Two ( L Meech 59.5 ) 1.60L See full resultsN Farley 60 0.10L2 (8)
Stawell 05-Jan-24 1100m SOFT 5 R1 3YO+ Mdn Set Weight $14,850 (of $27,000) Barrier 9, Winning Time: 01:05.640, SP: 5.50 In-running: Settled 3rd, 800m 3rd, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:35.560 1st Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 59.5 ) 2nd Magic Shannon ( A K Kelly 57.5 ) 0.20L 3rd Final Countdown ( R K Houston 56 , Cd 54.5 ) 0.95L See full resultsN Farley 59.5kg1 (11)
Kyneton 14-Dec-23 1203m SOFT 5 R2 MDN-SW $3,375 (of $37,500) Barrier 3, Winning Time: 01:11.850, SP: 4.40 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 1st Sectionals: 600m 00:37.040 1st Credible Analyses ( F W Kersley 59.5 ) 2nd Fortunate Gal ( A K Kelly 57.5 ) 3.25L 3rd Snappy Tycoon ( N Farley 59.5 ) 3.75L See full resultsN Farley 59.5kg 3.75L3 (12)
Geelong 07-Dec-23 1100m GOOD 4 R2 MDN-SW $1,125 (of $37,500) Barrier 7, Winning Time: 01:04.500, SP: 12.00 In-running: Settled 4th, 800m 4th, 400m 4th Sectionals: 600m 00:34.600 1st The Reluctant Star ( A K Kelly 58 ) 2nd Stealth Of Night ( C Williams 56 ) 1.00L 3rd Melidesh ( D B Mcmonagle 58 ) 2.25L 5th Snappy Tycoon ( D Bates 59.5 ) 5.25L See full resultsD Bates 59.5kg 5.25L5 (8)
Seymour 17-Nov-23 1100m SOFT 5 R1 MDN-SW $1,215 (of $27,000) Barrier 2, Winning Time: 01:04.560, SP: 9.00 In-running: Settled 5th, 800m 5th, 400m 5th Sectionals: 600m 00:35.120 1st De Bergerac ( J Childs 58 ) 2nd Motoman ( W F Pinn 58 ) 1.00L 3rd Night People ( B Mcdougall 58 ) 3.00L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( D Bates 59.5 ) 3.20L See full resultsD Bates 59.5kg 3.20L4 (13)
Kyneton 08-Nov-23 1103m GOOD 4 R2 MDN-SW $6,750 (of $37,500) Barrier 7, Winning Time: 01:05.200, SP: 26.00 In-running: Settled 5th, 800m 5th, 400m 5th Sectionals: 600m 00:34.690 1st Regal Might ( J Mcneil 58 ) 2nd Snappy Tycoon ( J Maskiell 59.5 ) 0.75L 3rd Barnage ( J Keating 59.5 ) 1.25L See full resultsJ Maskiell 59.5kg 0.75L2 (12)
Ballarat 28-May-23 1000m HEAVY 9 R2 3Y MDN-SW $1,125 (of $37,500) Barrier 1, Winning Time: 01:00.510, SP: 31.00 In-running: Settled 2nd, 800m 2nd, 400m 2nd Sectionals: 600m 00:35.220 1st Diablo ( B Mertens 58 ) 2nd Pop Rock ( W J Egan 58 ) 2.25L 3rd City Escape ( D Bates 58 ) 4.00L 5th Snappy Tycoon ( J Fry 58 ) 6.50L See full resultsJ Fry 58kg 6.50L5 (9)
Kyneton 05-May-23 1200m SOFT 5 R2 MDN-SW (of $27,000) Barrier 11, Winning Time: 01:14.400, SP: 31.00 In-running: Settled 4th, 800m 4th, 400m 4th Sectionals: 600m 00:38.580 1st Exile ( F W Kersley 57.5 ) 2nd Dente's Inferno ( R P Downey 59.5 ) 0.75L 3rd Koa Miss ( L N Mcneil 57.5 ) 1.50L 12th Snappy Tycoon ( P Moloney 59.5 ) 6.70L See full resultsP Moloney 59.5kg 6.70L12 (13)
Ballarat 26-Apr-23 1100m SOFT 5 R1 MDN-SW $1,125 (of $37,500) Barrier 3, Winning Time: 01:06.530, SP: 8.00 In-running: Settled 1st, 800m 1st, 400m 2nd Sectionals: 600m 00:34.900 1st Cadenabbia ( D Oliver 57 ) 2nd The Extreme Cat ( J Allen 59 ) 2.25L 3rd Prison Bars ( J Fry 59.5 ) 3.25L 5th Snappy Tycoon ( P Moloney 59 ) 5.50L See full resultsP Moloney 59kg 5.50L5 (7)
Warwick Farm 06-Jul-22 740m SYNTHETIC R13 OPEN-BT, Winning Time: 00:44.130 Sectionals: 600m 00:33.610 1st Shades Of Rose ( R King 0 ) 2nd Marcelline ( K Latham ) 0.28L 3rd Snappy Tycoon ( A Adkins 0 ) 2.69LA Adkins 0 2.69L3 (9)
Canterbury 21-Dec-21 890m SOFT 5 R9 2YC&G-BT, Winning Time: 00:56.760 Sectionals: 600m 00:36.270 1st London ( J B Mcdonald 0 ) 2nd Perfect Thought ( R Bayliss 0 ) 0.48L 3rd Deft Leopard ( J Ford 0 ) 1.00L 4th Snappy Tycoon ( T Berry 0 , Cd 0 ) 1.05LT Berry 0, Cd 0 1.05L4 (6)
Rosehill Gardens 14-Dec-21 900m GOOD 4 R4 2YC&G-BT, Winning Time: 00:56.010 Sectionals: 600m 00:35.490 1st Man In The Mirror ( T Berry 0 ) 2nd Mr Putin ( T Schiller 0 ) 0.14L 3rd Midnightinmontreal ( T Clark 0 ) 0.96L 5th Snappy Tycoon ( J Collett 0 , Cd 0 ) 1.97LJ Collett 0, Cd 0 1.97L5 (8)